Today’s blog is from the Alexander Graham Bell Association
and can be read at the Listening and Spoken Language Knowledge Center website.
Share With Each of Your Child's Audiologists
This audiological protocol is intended to support programs for early detection and management of hearing loss in infants and children.
This protocol also is a guide to appropriate and ongoing audiology services recommended for children participating in listening and spoken language (LSL) programs.
Alexander Graham Bell Association’s Recommended Protocol for
Audiological Assessment, Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implant Evaluation, and Follow-up
Table of Contents
- Contributors and Reviewers
- I. Introduction
- II. Overview of Audiological Management
- III. Recommended Elements of the Initial Audiological Diagnostic Assessment
- IV. Recommended Procedures to Assess Amplification
- V. Recommended Audiological Management for Children with Cochlear Implants
- VI. Recommended Audiologic Management Regarding FM Systems
- VII. Disclaimer and Copyright
Contributors and Reviewers
Contributors: Carol Flexer, Ph.D., LSLS Cert. AVT; Jane Madell, Ph.D., LSLS Cert. AVT; Joan Hewitt, Au.D., CCC-A
Reviewers: Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. (with collaboration Carmen Barrieru-Nielsen, Au.D.); Stacey Lim, Ph.D., Au.D., CCC-A; Johnnie Sexton, Au.D., CCC-A; Don Goldberg, Ph.D., CCC-SLP/A, FAAA, LSLS Cert. AVT
Adopted June 2014
Reviewers: Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. (with collaboration Carmen Barrieru-Nielsen, Au.D.); Stacey Lim, Ph.D., Au.D., CCC-A; Johnnie Sexton, Au.D., CCC-A; Don Goldberg, Ph.D., CCC-SLP/A, FAAA, LSLS Cert. AVT
Adopted June 2014
I. Introduction
This audiological protocol is intended to support programs for early detection and management of hearing loss in infants and children. This protocol also is a guide to appropriate and ongoing audiology services recommended for children participating in listening and spoken language (LSL) programs.
The Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell) recognizes and recommends an audiological protocol that includes the test battery approach as an optimum means to access spoken language. No single test should be used in isolation to define and describe the nature and extent of a hearing loss. Ideally, every listening and spoken language program will have onsite audiological services. But regardless of setting, close collaboration of parents, audiologists, therapists, and educators is essential. Parents should be present and participate in all assessments. Whenever possible, the Listening and Spoken Language Specialist (LSLS®) certified professional also should be present at audiological assessments or communicate his/her questions or concerns regarding the child's hearing or technology.
The recommended procedures and elements in this document are consistent with the following guidelines and position statements:
The Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell) recognizes and recommends an audiological protocol that includes the test battery approach as an optimum means to access spoken language. No single test should be used in isolation to define and describe the nature and extent of a hearing loss. Ideally, every listening and spoken language program will have onsite audiological services. But regardless of setting, close collaboration of parents, audiologists, therapists, and educators is essential. Parents should be present and participate in all assessments. Whenever possible, the Listening and Spoken Language Specialist (LSLS®) certified professional also should be present at audiological assessments or communicate his/her questions or concerns regarding the child's hearing or technology.
The recommended procedures and elements in this document are consistent with the following guidelines and position statements:
- Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) (2007).Year 2007 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics, 120(4), 898-921.
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2004a). Guidelines for the audiologic assessment of children from birth to 5 years of age. Available at http://www.asha.org/policy/GL2004-00002.htm
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2006). Roles, knowledge, and skills: Audiologists providing clinical services to infants and young children birth to 5 years of age. Available at http://www.asha.org/policy/KS2006-00259/
- American Academy of Audiology (2013). Clinical practice guidelines: Pediatric amplification. Available at http://audiology-web.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/PediatricAmplificationGuidelines.pdf_539975b3e7e9f1.74471798.pdf
II. Overview of Audiological Management
- Initial screening, diagnosis, and confirmation should be completed within the first three months of life—as soon as possible after birth—in order to ensure that appropriate amplification and habilitation is underway prior to age 6 months. JCIH (2007) recommends that screening be accomplished by age 1 month, diagnostic testing be accomplished by age 3 months, and intervention begin by age 6 months.
- When hearing loss is diagnosed, routine evaluation should occur ideally at four- to six-week intervals until full audiograms are obtained, and at three-month intervals through age 3 years.
- Assessment at six-month intervals from age 4 years is appropriate if progress is satisfactory and if there are no concerns about changes in hearing.
- Immediate evaluation should be undertaken if parent or caretaker concern is expressed or if behavioral observation by parent, therapist or teacher suggests a change in hearing or device function.
More frequent evaluation is appropriate when middle ear disease is chronic or recurrent, or when risk factors for progressive hearing loss are present.
III. Recommended Elements of the Initial Audiological Diagnostic Assessment
The following section is based on the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 2007 position statement.
Audiological Evaluation
Comprehensive audiological evaluation of newborns and young infants who do not pass newborn hearing screening should be performed by experienced pediatric audiologists. The initial audiological test battery to confirm a hearing loss in infants must include electrophysiological measures and—when developmentally appropriate—behavioral methods. Confirmation of an infant's hearing status requires a test battery of audiological test procedures to assess the integrity of the auditory system in each ear, to estimate hearing sensitivity across the speech frequency range, to determine the type of hearing loss, to establish a baseline for further monitoring, and to provide information needed to initiate the fitting of amplification devices. A comprehensive assessment should be performed for each ear even if only one ear did not pass the screening test.
Evaluation: Birth to Age 6 Months
For infants from birth to a developmental age of approximately 6 months, the test battery should include a child and family history, an evaluation of risk factors for congenital hearing loss, and a parental report of the infant's responses to sound. The audiological assessment should include:
- Otoscopic inspection
- Child and family history
- Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing using air-conducted click and tone burst stimuli and bone-conducted stimuli when indicated. When a hearing loss is detected, frequency-specific ABR testing is needed to determine the degree and configuration of hearing loss in each ear for fitting of amplification devices.
- Click-evoked ABR testing using both condensation and rarefaction single-polarity stimulus, if there are risk indicators (e.g., hyperbilirubinemia or anoxia) for neural hearing loss (auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder or ANSD) to determine if a cochlear microphonic is present.
- Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) testing may be used as another means of assessing ear and frequency specific thresholds. ASSR testing can also be used to assess auditory nerve function when no ABR is present.
- Distortion product or transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing
- Tympanometry using a 1000-Hz probe tone, and acoustic reflex testing
- Parent and clinician observation of the infant's auditory behavior as a cross-check in conjunction with electrophysiologic measures. Behavioral observation alone is not adequate for determining whether hearing loss is present in this age group, and it is not adequate alone for the fitting of amplification devices.
Evaluation: Age 6 to 36 Months
For subsequent testing of infants and toddlers at developmental ages of 6 to 36 months, the confirmatory audiological test battery includes:
- Otoscopic inspection
- Child and family history
- Parental report of auditory and visual behaviors and communication milestones
- Behavioral audiometry (either visual reinforcement or conditioned-play audiometry, depending on the child's developmental level), including pure-tone audiometry across the frequency range for each ear and speech detection, speech audibility (e.g., using the Ling 6-sound test) or speech recognition measures
- OAE testing
- Acoustic immittance measures (tympanometry and acoustic reflex thresholds)
- Electrophysiological testing as described above, if responses to behavioral audiometry are not reliable.
For children of all ages, AG Bell recommends that all results, questions, and recommendations are discussed with the parents in a culturally sensitive manner and in the family’s native language.
Parents should leave the audiology appointment understanding the management plan. They should know when to return for follow-up appointments and what their responsibility is in the process (including monitoring full-time use of amplification technology and monitoring what the child hears with the amplification technology). Parent questionnaires such as the IT-MAIS (Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale) and ELF (Early Listening Function) may be useful in the monitoring process.
Written reports should be provided and include:
- Descriptions of test procedures, conditions of testing, and reliability estimate
- A complete audiogram (if available at the initial diagnosis) with symbol key, calibration, and stimuli identified, as well as an explanation of results using tools such as a "Familiar Sounds" audiogram to support parent/teacher counseling
- Copies to parents, as well as to primary care provider, Listening and Spoken Language Specialist, and other health/education providers as requested in writing by parents
- Referral to medical, otolaryngological, or other resources (e.g., genetic counseling, social services, psychological counseling, occupational therapy) as appropriate.
IV. Recommended Procedures to Assess Amplification
Identify the hearing instrument, including manufacturer, model, output and response, compression or special feature settings, earmold specifications, and quality of fit. In addition, earmolds need to be well made and acoustically tuned (e.g., tubing, venting, bore size to match the child’s hearing loss in order to maximize the child’s access to sound). The audiologist should listen to the hearing aids at the start of every test session, and should confirm that parents know how to perform a listening check of hearing aids.
- Electro-acoustic analysis of hearing aids to document hearing aid performance at the following times:
- At initial fitting
- At regular intervals (e.g., at follow-up appointments)
- Upon return from repairs
- If parental concerns arise from behavioral observation or listening check.
- Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference (RECD) measures
- Used with prescription method such as DSL (Desired Sensation Level ) or NAL (National Acoustic Laboratories) to establish target gain and output
- To convert hearing aid performance in 2cc coupler to real ear hearing aid performance
- To convert hearing levels in dB HL to ear canal SPL (Sound Pressure Level)
- To assess change in earmold style and fit.
- Cortical-evoked response testing to validate hearing aid fittings, where available.
- Sound Field Aided Response
- To demonstrate the child’s response to speech for parent education purposes
- To monitor the child’s auditory progress
- To assess speech perception at soft (e.g., 35 dB HL) and at average conversational levels (e.g., 50 dB HL) in quiet and in the presence of noise to evaluate the effectiveness of amplification technology. Each hearing aid should be evaluated separately and then both tested together.
- Assessment of speech audibility using the Ling 6-Sound Test at varying distances (e.g., through 6 meters or approximately 20 feet)
- Comparison of Ling results with NAL speech-o-gram if available to evaluate hearing aid fitting
- Functional auditory assessments (e.g., PEACH [Parents' Evaluation of Aural/oral performance of Children], LittlEARS Auditory Questionnaire) to validate hearing aid fitting.
NOTE: Functional gain measure is an appropriate verification procedure for bone conduction hearing aids and cochlear implants. Verification of amplification requires a RECD measure for children wearing hearing aids.
V. Recommended Audiological Management for Children with Cochlear Implants
- If adequate access to the full spectrum of acoustic information of spoken language cannot be achieved for an infant or child through conventional amplification, information should be provided to the family regarding cochlear implant (CI) technology, including benefits and risks as documented in published, peer-reviewed literature along with referral to a pediatric cochlear implant center.
- Upon parental consent, the cochlear implant team will review the audiologic information obtained to date and perform further assessments to evaluate the child’s suitability for cochlear implantation. Speech perception testing should be included in the pre-CI evaluation and used both in determining candidacy and to compare to post-CI evaluations.
- The LSLS should participate in the cochlear implant candidacy process.
- Following initial mapping of the cochlear implant speech processor(s), re-mapping should be conducted on the schedule recommended by the cochlear implant team given the child's age, device(s) implanted, number of electrodes activated, and additional individual considerations such as a bilateral or bimodal fitting.
- Once the speech processor is programmed to provide optimal access to the speech spectrum, ongoing evaluation at regular intervals is recommended (e.g., at three-month intervals for the first year). After this period, routine assessment of performance with the cochlear implant continues to be recommended at six- to 12-month intervals if progress is satisfactory.
- Sound Field warble tone or narrowband noise thresholds and speech perception testing should be performed whenever the speech processor is programmed and may be helpful along with other troubleshooting techniques whenever problems are suspected. Additional purposes of sound field testing are:
- To demonstrate the child’s response to speech for parent education purposes
- To monitor the child’s auditory progress
- To assess speech perception at average (e.g., 50 dB HL) and at soft (e.g., 35 dB HL) conversational levels in quiet and in the presence of noise, to evaluate the effectiveness of the cochlear implant, or of each cochlear implant in the case of bilateral fitting
- Subjective assessment of distance hearing using the Ling 6-Sound Test to demonstrate the range of audibility provided by the technology. In a quiet environment, the child should be able to detect all of the Ling sounds at close distances (e.g., one meter or approximately 3 feet) and at substantial distances (e.g., approximately 12 meters or approximately 40 feet).
- Immediate evaluation is recommended if parent, caregiver, or educator/therapist observe behaviors suggesting a negative change in performance or express concern regarding device function.
- Functional auditory assessments (e.g., PEACH, LittlEARS) to validate hearing aid fitting.
VI. Recommended Audiologic Management Regarding FM Systems
- Every child with hearing loss will benefit from the use of an FM system to reduce the negative effects of distance and competing noise.
- All technology selected for children should be FM compatible.
- Validation and verification should be included in evaluations for children using FM systems. See Clinical Practice Guidelines for Remote Microphone Hearing Assistance Technologies for Children and Youth Birth-21 Years (American Academy of Audiology, 2008; available at http://www.audiology.org/publications-resources/document-library/hearing-assistance-technologies).
RECOMMENDED UNAIDED AND AIDED AUDIOLOGIC PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS BY AGE* OF CHILD
0-6 months
|
6-12 months
|
12-24 months
|
24-36 months
|
Over 36 months
|
|
UNAIDED TESTING
|
|||||
ABR
|
x
|
x
|
X if not performed previously
|
||
Immittance testing
|
X 1000 Hz probe tone
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
OAE testing
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Behavioral testing
250-8000 Hz |
X BOA
|
X VRA
|
X VRA with transition to CPA
|
X VRA until child can perform CPA
|
X CPA
|
SAT-Ling Sounds
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
||
SRT testing
Speech Perception
testing at 40 dB above threshold if possible. This test may be useful for helping families understand what the child is hearing. |
X Body parts, familiar objects
|
X Body parts, familiar objects
Begin standardized tests
|
X Standardized tests
|
||
TESTING WITH TECHNOLOGY
|
|||||
RECD
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Cortical Responses
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
SAT-Ling Sounds
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
||
SRT Testing
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
||
Aided thresholds – 250-8000 Hz
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Aided Speech Perception
50 dB HL – Quiet |
X Right, Left, Binaural
|
X Right, Left, Binaural
|
X Right, Left, Binaural
|
||
Aided Speech Perception at 35 dB HL – Quiet
|
X Right, Left, Binaural
|
X Right, Left, Binaural
|
|||
Aided Speech Perception
50 dB HL- /+5 SNL |
X Binaural
|
X Binaural
|
Note 1: The purpose of all auditory technologies is to deliver the most complete sound possible to the child’s brain, where actual “hearing” occurs. The task of technologies is to access, stimulate, and develop neural pathways that are the basis for listening, talking, reading and learning.
*Note 2: The age levels presented represent a child’s developmental levels as well as chronological age. A child (or adult) with developmental delays should be assessed with tests appropriate to his/her developmental level, not chronological age.
Note 3: Aided testing refers to whatever technology the child is using. This may be hearing aids, cochlear implants, osseointegrated devices, FM systems, and other. Each ear should be tested separately with technology, as well as binaurally.
Abbreviations used in the chart:
“X” means the test should be performed
*Note 2: The age levels presented represent a child’s developmental levels as well as chronological age. A child (or adult) with developmental delays should be assessed with tests appropriate to his/her developmental level, not chronological age.
Note 3: Aided testing refers to whatever technology the child is using. This may be hearing aids, cochlear implants, osseointegrated devices, FM systems, and other. Each ear should be tested separately with technology, as well as binaurally.
Abbreviations used in the chart:
“X” means the test should be performed
BOA - Behavioral Observation Audiometry
VRA - Visual Reinforcement Audiometry
CPA - Conditioned Play Audiometry
ABR - Auditory Brainstem Response Testing
SAT - Speech Awareness Threshold
SRT - Speech Recognition Threshold
RECD – Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference
OAE - Otoacoustic Emissions Testing
RECOMMENDED AUDIOLOGIC SPEECH TEST PROTOCOLS BY AGE* OF THE CHILD
RECOMMENDED AUDIOLOGIC SPEECH TEST PROTOCOLS BY AGE* OF THE CHILD
Birth-6 months
|
6-12 months
|
12-18 months
|
18-24 months
|
24-36 months
|
3-5 years
|
6-8 years
|
8+ years
|
|
SAT
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
||||
SRT
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
||
ESP
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|||||
NU
CHIPS |
x
|
x
|
x
|
|||||
WIPI
|
x
|
x
|
||||||
PBK
|
x
|
x
|
||||||
NU 6
CNC
|
x
|
x
|
||||||
HINT -C
or A |
x
|
x
|
||||||
Baby's Bio
|
x
|
x
|
||||||
AzBio
|
x
|
Note 1: The purpose of all auditory technologies is to deliver the most complete sound possible to the child’s brain, where actual “hearing” occurs. The task of technologies is to access, stimulate, and develop neural pathways that are the basis for listening, talking, reading, and learning.
*Note 2: The age levels presented represent a child’s developmental levels as well as chronological age. A child (or adult) with developmental delays should be assessed with tests appropriate to his/her developmental level, not chronological age.
Note 3: Speech tests are to be presented in unaided and aided conditions. Aided testing refers to whatever technology the child is using. This may be hearing aids, cochlear implants, osseointegrated devices, FM systems and other. Each ear should be tested separately with technology, as well as binaurally.
*Note 2: The age levels presented represent a child’s developmental levels as well as chronological age. A child (or adult) with developmental delays should be assessed with tests appropriate to his/her developmental level, not chronological age.
Note 3: Speech tests are to be presented in unaided and aided conditions. Aided testing refers to whatever technology the child is using. This may be hearing aids, cochlear implants, osseointegrated devices, FM systems and other. Each ear should be tested separately with technology, as well as binaurally.
Abbreviations used in the chart:
“X” means the test should be performed
“X” means the test should be performed
SAT - Speech Awareness Threshold
SRT - Speech Recognition Threshold
ESP - Early Speech Perception Test. Available at http://www.cid.edu/ProfOutreachIntro/EducationalMaterials.aspx
NU-CHIPS - Northwestern University Children’s Perception of Speech. Available at http://www.advancedbionics.com/content/dam/ab/Global/en_ce/documents/libraries/AssessmentTools/Test%20Reference%20for%20Cochlear%20Implants.pdf
WIPI - Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification. Available at http://www.auditec.com/cgi/Auditec2013Catalog.pdf
PBK - Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten Word Test. Available at http://www.asha.org/eweb/OLSDynamicPage.aspx?title=Childrens+Spondees+PBK-50A&webcode=olsdetails
CNC - Consonant Nucleus Consonant Test. See Mackersie, C. L., Boothroyd, A., & Minnear, D. (2001). Evaluation of the Computer-Assisted Speech Perception Assessment Test (CASPA). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 27, 134–144.
AzBio - See Spahr, A. J., Dorman, M. F., Litvak, L. M., Van Wie, S., Gifford, R. H., Loizou, P. C., … Cook, S. (2012). Development and validation of the AzBio sentence lists. Ear and Hearing, 33(1), 112-117. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31822c2549
Baby Bio - See Spahr, A. J., Dorman, M. F., Loiselle, L., & Oakes, T. (2011). A new sentence test for children. 10th European Symposium on Pediatric Cochlear Implantation. Athens, Greece, May 12-15.
Disclaimer: The protocol outlined in this document is not prescriptive for professionals who hold the Listening and Spoken Language Specialist (LSLS®) certification to utilize in their scope of practice and is not required by Alexander Graham Bell Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing or the Alexander Graham Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language. This reference contains guidelines and recommendations for use at the professional’s discretion. AG Bell disclaims any liability to any party for the accuracy, completeness, or availability of this documents, or for any damages arising out of use of this document and any information it contains.
Listening and Spoken Language Specialist (LSLS®), Auditory-Verbal Therapist (LSLS Cert. AVT®) and Auditory-Verbal Educator (LSLS Cert. AVEd®) are trademarks of the AG Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language.
© Copyright 2014 Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. All rights reserved. Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (2014).
© Copyright 2014 Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. All rights reserved. Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (2014).
Recommended protocol for audiological assessment, hearing aid and cochlear implant evaluation, and follow-up. Washington, DC: author.
